A Foundation Course Essay Example for Free

A Foundation Course Essay Maslow suggested heredity played a strong role in personality development. The essence of the kind of person was established in the genetic structure, and the environment determined which part to unfold or become actualized. The issue of nature versus nurture was considered in his theory. Maslow adopted a growth-directions theory in that a person grew gradually from one kind of individual toward being a different kind. Another prominent figure is Carl Rogers. Both Maslow and Rogers believed human nature was intrinsically good and embraced self-actualization as the empirical principle. Rogers introduced the person-centred therapy. Therapist offered personal congruence, unconditional positive regard and accurate empathic understanding in a therapeutic relationship. Research methodologies employed by humanistic psychologists were mainly introspection investigative techniques. Individuals were analysed from the inside. Humanistic psychologists were of the view that the perfect example of an individuals personal experience was found in ones thoughts and feelings. They did not claim to be objective. Instead, they were intent on this subjective interchange of a relationship that uncovered the personal knowledge of another individual. Strengths of humanistic psychology were that the theorists proposed a positive, optimistic picture of humans. This was in contrast to behaviorism which was accused of reducing individuals to a system of observable acts, thereby missing the human aspects, and was in contrast to Freuds psychoanalysis SS101-TMA05 Marisa Lee 93512450 11 September 2000 Pg 11/12 which was accused of adopting a negative model of humanity, emphasizing on neurotic behaviour. The humanistic approach was notable for its concern for the individuals hopes and plans for the future, which was being neglected in many other theories. One other major strength of humanistic theory was its insistence on the importance of unique personal experiences. The insistence on the importance of unique personal experiences mentioned above had also become one of humanistic theorys weaknesses in that the unique experience made it imprecise when communicating the essence of one persons experience to another. The theory is lack of falsifiability as instrospection was the principal investigate technique. Humanistic psychologists were subjective in validating their theory. They trusted their own feelings and logic more than objective data. By concentrating on the self, other parts of an individual like bio-electrochemical nature, analytical abilities, memory systems were left untouched. Conclusions Psychologists while attempting to explain behaviour of individuals, adopted a varied basis of assumptions, and different images of mankind evolved. The concept that man acts like a machine and reacts to outside forces gives rise to the mechanistic view of mankind. Another concept that mans behaviour can be explained via bringing out their memories in the unconscious renders the psychoanalytic image of mankind. An alternative view that man seeks to aspire oneself by fulfilling the hierarchy of needs gives rise to the SS101-TMA05 Marisa Lee 93512450 11 September 2000 Pg 12/12 humanistic image of mankind. Man can be viewed differently but there is not a theory that explains all. To have a more comprehensive understanding of mans behaviour, a combined study of all the different images of mankind would be helpful. References : 1. Swales, C. (1991). Social Sciences : A Foundation Course, Psychology 2, Units 17 18. The Open University of Hong Kong. 2. Faw, T. and Belkin, G. S. (1989). Child Psychology. McGraw-Hill, Inc. P. 12-31. 3. Thomas, R. Murray. (2000). Comparing Theories of Child Development. 5th Edition. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Chapter 5. 4. Berk, Laura E. (1998). Development through the Lifespan. Allyn Bacon. P. 15-18. 5. Woolf. Theoretical Perspectives Relevant to Developmental Psychology  http://www.webster.edu

The Effect of Cultural Difference on Intercultural Marriage Essay

The Effect of Cultural Difference on Intercultural Marriage As the world integrates, more and more people are leaving their mother lands to visit, study and work overseas. Young people now have more opportunities to meet prospective partners from other cultures than they had in the past. â€Å"The number of intercultural couples is increasing worldwide.† (Klein, par.3) Many intercultural couples claim that their relationships do not differentiate from monoculture relationships at first. Passionate love bonds them. When their relationships come to a stable stage after a while, however, cultural difference immerges. The couples can certainly benefit from cultural difference yet they also have to face the challenges resulted from it. This paper will examine such effect that cultural difference takes on intercultural marriage According to Dugan Romano, intercultural couples increase self-knowledge by being forced to examine and define their own values, ideas, and prejudices. (Romano 179) They all feel richer and less parochial after they spend many years together trying to work things through. They are able to be exposed into other cultures thoroughly as well as to strengthen the understandings of their own cultures. Cultural difference also introduces more lifestyle options to intercultural couples, which will enrich their life. Even if a couple ends up choosing one’s home country as their permanent residence, they will definitely visit the other’s hometown pretty often. Sometimes they live in a third country, which means they’ll go to both of their home countries from time to time. They have chances to travel in many places, experience different customs, and have friends from diverse backgrounds. â€Å"My mom told me it was her int... ... For people who are considering entering intercultural marriage, it is very important to seriously weigh the pros and cons of the cultural difference before making a final decision. Works Cited Drumm, Tamula. â€Å"Mixed Marriage- Why Expats Marry Forefingers and Then What Happens.† Transitions Abroad July/ August 2001 Transitions Abroud Publishing, Inc. . Klein, Amy. â€Å"Marrying Across Cultures.† Studio Classroom April 2004 Studio Classroom Magazine . Larabell, Joseph. â€Å"Sobering Advice for Anyone Contemplating a Across-cultural Marriage.† Joseph L.(Joe) Larabell the Suburban Eclectic 9 June 2003 Joseph Larabell . Romano, Dugan. Intercultural Marriage/Promises and Pitfalls. Yarmouth, MN: Intercultural P, 1997. Xu, Mingyang. â€Å"A Chinese-American Mixed Marriage---A Mini Story.† Hua Xia Wen Zhai CND Magazine March 1993 China News Digest International, Inc. .

Digital Fortress Chapter 9

Systems security technician Phil Chartrukian had only intended to be inside Crypto a minute-just long enough to grab some paperwork he'd forgotten the day before. But it was not to be. After making his way across the Crypto floor and stepping into the Sys-Sec lab, he immediately knew something was not right. The computer terminal that perpetually monitored TRANSLTR's internal workings was unmanned and the monitor was switched off. Chartrukian called out, â€Å"Hello?† There was no reply. The lab was spotless-as if no one had been there for hours. Although Chartrukian was only twenty-three and relatively new to the Sys-Sec squad, he'd been trained well, and he knew the drill: There was always a Sys-Sec on duty in Crypto†¦ especially on Saturdays when no cryptographers were around. He immediately powered up the monitor and turned to the duty board on the wall. â€Å"Who's on watch?† he demanded aloud, scanning the list of names. According to the schedule, a young rookie named Seidenberg was supposed to have started a double shift at midnight the night before. Chartrukian glanced around the empty lab and frowned. â€Å"So where the hell is he?† As he watched the monitor power up, Chartrukian wondered if Strathmore knew the Sys-Sec lab was unmanned. He had noticed on his way in that the curtains of Strathmore's workstation were closed, which meant the boss was in-not at all uncommon for a Saturday; Strathmore, despite requesting his cryptographers take Saturdays off, seemed to work 365 days a year. There was one thing Chartrukian knew for certain-if Strathmore found out the Sys-Sec lab was unmanned, it would cost the absent rookie his job. Chartrukian eyed the phone, wondering if he should call the young techie and bail him out; there was an unspoken rule among Sys-Sec that they would watch each other's backs. In Crypto, Sys-Secs were second-class citizens, constantly at odds with the lords of the manor. It was no secret that the cryptographers ruled this multibillion-dollar roost; Sys-Secs were tolerated only because they kept the toys running smoothly. Chartrukian made his decision. He grabbed the phone. But the receiver never reached his ear. He stopped short, his eyes transfixed on the monitor now coming into focus before him. As if in slow motion, he set down the phone and stared in open-mouthed wonder. In eight months as a Sys-Sec, Phil Chartrukian had never seen TRANSLTR's Run-Monitor post anything other than a double zero in the hours field. Today was a first. TIME ELAPSED: 15:17:21 â€Å"Fifteen hours and seventeen minutes?† he choked. â€Å"Impossible!† He rebooted the screen, praying it hadn't refreshed properly. But when the monitor came back to life, it looked the same. Chartrukian felt a chill. Crypto's Sys-Secs had only one responsibility: Keep TRANSLTR â€Å"clean†-virus free. Chartrukian knew that a fifteen-hour run could only mean one thing-infection. An impure file had gotten inside TRANSLTR and was corrupting the programming. Instantly his training kicked in; it no longer mattered that the Sys-Sec lab had been unmanned or the monitors switched off. He focused on the matter at hand-TRANSLTR. He immediately called up a log of all the files that had entered TRANSLTR in the last forty-eight hours. He began scanning the list. Did an infected file get through? he wondered. Could the security filters have missed something? As a precaution, every file entering TRANSLTR had to pass through what was known as Gauntlet-a series of powerful circuit-level gateways, packet filters, and disinfectant programs that scanned inbound files for computer viruses and potentially dangerous subroutines. Files containing programming â€Å"unknown† to Gauntlet were immediately rejected. They had to be checked by hand. Occasionally Gauntlet rejected entirely harmless files on the basis that they contained programming the filters had never seen before. In that case, the Sys-Secs did a scrupulous manual inspection, and only then, on confirmation that the file was clean, did they bypass Gauntlet's filters and send the file into TRANSLTR. Computer viruses were as varied as bacterial viruses. Like their physiological counterparts, computer viruses had one goal-to attach themselves to a host system and replicate. In this case, the host was TRANSLTR. Chartrukian was amazed the NSA hadn't had problems with viruses before. Gauntlet was a potent sentry, but still, the NSA was a bottom feeder, sucking in massive amounts of digital information from systems all over the world. Snooping data was a lot like having indiscriminate sex-protection or no protection, sooner or later you caught something. Chartrukian finished examining the file list before him. He was now more puzzled than before. Every file checked out. Gauntlet had seen nothing out of the ordinary, which meant the file in TRANSLTR was totally clean. â€Å"So what the hell's taking so long?† he demanded of the empty room. Chartrukian felt himself break a sweat. He wondered if he should go disturb Strathmore with the news. â€Å"A virus probe,† Chartrukian said firmly, trying to calm himself down. â€Å"I should run a virus probe.† Chartrukian knew that a virus probe would be the first thing Strathmore would request anyway. Glancing out at the deserted Crypto floor, Chartrukian made his decision. He loaded the viral probe software and launched it. The run would take about fifteen minutes. â€Å"Come back clean,† he whispered. â€Å"Squeaky clean. Tell Daddy it's nothing.† But Chartrukian sensed it was not â€Å"nothing.† Instinct told him something very unusual was going on inside the great decoding beast.

The Novel The Spirit Level I Came Into Inequality

While reading The Spirit Level I came into conclusion that the inequality in developed countries is great threat to society as a whole. The major issues that are brought up in the book are the inequality between the rich and the poor in developed countries but also the comparison between developing countries. The book dives into several factors that are the effects of the inequality ranging from obesity, teenage birth, life expectancy etc.†¦ I would discuss in depth on each of these factors and how they all are key components in society and how they add to the inequality in developed countries. One of the first factors the book brings up is the issue of trust and how it is a main factor in society, trust is what keeps us from not turning on each other and seeing others as cooperative rather than competitive. According to the book â€Å" trust has fallen from a high 60 percent from 1960 to a low of less than 40 percent in 2004†, this facts gives insight into the society we are living in now. When I read this, I could only think of the mindset many people have now, job security is tight and that everyone is seen as competition. I for one living in America I always have a sense that everyone wants to be on top, and they are willing to do everything to get the job or position, instead of trying to change the way of selfishness, we are adding to it, especially with social media. 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